SUMMARY
New broomrape races spread out quickly year by year and reached to 70 % of sunflower production in Trakya Region of Turkey. These new races were more virulent than other countries such as Spain and at least one more race other than F race were observed in the region. Some inbred lines belongs to Trakya Agricultural Research Institute-Edirne (TARI) exhibited resistance in some parts of the region, but PR-64-A-95 sunflower hybrids was observed as resistant at all locations. This hybrid and other resistant lines will be evaluated again in the next years and then they will be used as differential set for determining the new broomrape races.
Key Words: Sunflower, Resistance, Broomrape, New Races,
INTRODUCTION
Broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loefl.) is the most important parasite reducing seed and oil yield, 1000 seed weight, oil content, plant height and head diameter in sunflower production. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has been severely affected by broomrape in the main crop areas of Turkey (Ozhatay, 1973; Uludere, 1988; Bulbul, 1991) and in some European countries since 1958 (Gagne et al., 1998). A, B, C, D races in early times (Acimovic, 1980; Vranceanu, 1980) and E broomrape races (Melero-Vara et al., 1989) were determined at 1980s by controlled Or1-5 genes (Domingez et al., 1996). The resistant hybrids and cultivars were developed against these races and these resistant sunflower cultivars used widely in the different part of the world until 1995 (Mihaljevic, 1996).
The same like appearance of last orobanche race E was capable of overcome again this resistance and new F orobanche race appeared in Turkey (Kaya, 2003), in Romania (Pacurianu-Joita et al., 1998) and in some areas of Spain (Alonso, 1996; Ruso et al., 1996; Sukno et al., 1999a, 1999b; Fernandez-Martinez et al., 2000). Pacurianu-Joita et al. (1998) determined that the new F race being more virulent than other known races was differentiated by LC-1093 sunflower line. Based on this knowledge, we could conclude that broomrape crush down this resistance mechanism each 20 years.
FAO European Sunflower Network started one study to determine the distribution and the virulence rate of the new F races in different European countries. The different sunflower lines and hybrids were tested in the yield trials and their reactions against orobanche natural and artificial conditions in the labs and fields in 1996-1997. The new F race was founded as more virulent in Turkey than other countries and affected extremely some important yield characters of sunflower in this study (Shindrova et al., 1998).
However, Turkey new orobanche populations are more virulent than other countries. Infested areas with new races in Trakya Region that is European part of Turkey are increasing year by year covered over half percent of the sunflower production areas. On the other hand, resistant BR populations developed by Jan (Jan et al., 2000) to this F race showed different reaction and had susceptibility some parts in the region. Preliminary results show that there are at least three different broomrape populations based on reaction against resistant sunflower hybrids and lines. The aim of this study is to determine infested areas with new orobanche races and resistant sunflower lines and hybrids in Trakya Region of Turkey.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
TARI - Turkey started a new project to determine infested areas and find resistant line and hybrids against these races in 1999. Differential set for A, B, C, D, E races were planted in artificial inoculated field conditions in 1999. 6 lines were planted in the set and inoculated with broomrape seeds collected by TARI, Sygenta Seed Co. and Pioneer Seed Co. from three different parts of Trakya Region. New races firstly appeared in Malkara at the beginning of 1990s then spread out other region the following years. Infested areas with new races were determined at village by village in 1998, 2000 and 2002 with contribution extension service, sunflower farmer associations and sale people of private seed companies and a detailed broomrape infestation map were prepared together.
Sunflower hybrids and lines were developed by National Sunflower Research Project at TARI in Edirne and commercial sunflower hybrids belong private companies were tested against to new broomrape races artificial conditions between 1999-2002. Broomrape seeds were cleaned threshing the plants collected from different infested fields of Trakya Region having % 75 of Turkey sunflower production. Before planting, a pinch of broomrape seeds was given to each opened hole in the field. Orobanche test plots were 5 m length, 14-15 plants existed each row with 35 cm x 1 m plant density in two replications. Susceptible Vniimik-8931, open pollinated cultivar existed as one control at each 40 rows. Broomrape observations were evaluated as Frequency (F) Intensity (I) and Attacking Rate (AR) based on Pustovoit method (Aydin, 1996). The plants were accepted as resistant having % 0-10 Frequency and 0-1 AR values and (Vranceanu et al., 1980). The plants had % 10-20 frequency as accepted tolerant in 2002 evaluations.
F = % The number of plant with orobanche (The plant number infested
orobanche / Total plants in the row x 100)
I = The number of orobanche in one infested plant (Total orobanche /
Total plants infested orobanche in the row).
AR = F x I / 100 = The number of orobanche in one plant in the row.
At 2001, broomrape seeds collected from different areas and planted artificially inoculated the pots in growth chamber as 6 set: Malkara, Hayrabolu, Muratli, Edirne, Luleburgaz and all mixed in the winter. Tolerant hybrids S-288, TARSAN-1018, ARDA-2098, TR-3080 (OZDEMIRBEY) and susceptible SANBRO hybrids planted in this set.
Resistant sunflower hybrids and lines were selected from broomrape observations in artificial field conditions in 1999, 2000 and 2001. These lines and hybrids planted at natural field conditions in 2002 and 6 set established and conducted in different infested area in the Trakya Region. BR-1, Resistant Pioneer Hybrid PR-64-A95, other resistant and tolerant hybrids in artificial conditions previous years included the set consisting 8 sunflower hybrids and 34 lines. Locations were Pazarli - Vize (the heaviest infestation) and Akcakoy - Corlu (heavily infestation area with new races) (PIONEER Seed Co.); Cesmekolu - Luleburgaz and Muratli (ADVANTA Seed Co.); Arzulu - Muratli and Faras - Hayrabolu (MAY Seed Co.) in the Trakya Region.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The new races broomrape infestation layout in Trakya sunflower production areas was shown in the map in Figure 1. Yellow colored regions firstly infested areas until 1998 and green colored zones until 2000 and blue colored until 2002 in the map. These new races increased each year % 50 more than previous year. From 1995, infested areas started % 2 to % 35 rates seriously infested in 2002. At 2002, we could conclude that new orobanche races were observed in more than % 60-70 sunflower production areas of Trakya Region.
Based on the orobanche project; the differential set for A, B, C, D, E races was planted to determine new race or not that other known five races in these infested areas in the region in artificial inoculation field conditions in 1999. All plants in the set were susceptible and we concluded that they are new races (Table 1).
Table 1: The observations on the differential set of broomrape planted in 1999.
Cultivar name | Races | Plant # | Plant # with Orobanche | Orobanche Number | Frequency (%) | Intensity | Attacking Rate |
TRAKYA TAE | |
AD-66 | A | 32 | 3 | 15 | 9,4 | 5,0 | 0,5 |
Kruglik A-41 | B | 28 | 6 | 12 | 21,4 | 2,0 | 0,4 |
Jdanov 8281 | C | 40 | 11 | 27 | 27,5 | 2,5 | 0,7 |
Record | D | 33 | 7 | 13 | 21,2 | 1,9 | 0,4 |
S-1358 | E | 22 | 6 | 13 | 27,3 | 2,2 | 0,6 |
P-1380 | | 32 | 4 | 7 | 12,5 | 1,8 | 0,2 |
SYNGENTA | |
AD-66 | A | 26 | 8 | 13 | 30,8 | 1,6 | 0,5 |
Kruglik A-41 | B | 22 | 2 | 7 | 9,1 | 3,5 | 0,3 |
Jdanov 8281 | C | 42 | 14 | 43 | 33,3 | 3,1 | 1,0 |
Record | D | 42 | 5 | 16 | 11,9 | 3,2 | 0,4 |
S-1358 | E | 30 | 4 | 5 | 13,3 | 1,3 | 0,2 |
P-1380 | | 37 | 2 | 8 | 5,4 | 4,0 | 0,2 |
PIONEER | |
AD-66 | A | 26 | 14 | 27 | 53,8 | 1,9 | 1,0 |
Kruglik A-41 | B | 40 | 11 | 21 | 27,5 | 1,9 | 0,5 |
Jdanov 8281 | C | 48 | 16 | 40 | 33,3 | 2,5 | 0,8 |
Record | D | 34 | 11 | 22 | 32,4 | 2,0 | 0,6 |
S-1358 | E | 39 | 5 | 10 | 12,8 | 2,0 | 0,3 |
P-1380 | | 45 | 5 | 11 | 11,1 | 2,2 | 0,2 |
Tolerant hybrids S-288, TARSAN-1018, ARDA-2098, TR-3080 (ÖZDEMIRBEY) and susceptible SANBRO hybrid were tested broomrape reactions in growth chamber at 2001 winter as 6 SET: Malkara, Hayrabolu, Muratli, Edirne, Luleburgaz and all mixed in the pots. Based on the observation results; new broomrape races infested to all cultivars, but TARSAN-1018 had more tolerance than other hybrids.
Based on results of the naturally infested field conditions; Pioneer Hybrid PR-64-A95 was resistant all locations and BR-1 showed different reaction in different locations at the six different locations in the region in 2002 (Table 2). Some inbred lines (62003-A, 62001-A, 6522-A) showed different tolerance different at locations too. In some area, observed a few broomrape plants were observed in resistant Pioneer Hybrid PR-64-A95 and there were observed different reaction in BR-1 and in resistant some inbred lines.
Table 2: The broomrape observations in the different part of Trakya Region in 2002.
# | The Name of Line or Cultivar | Locations |
May Seed | Pioneer | Advanta |
Arzulu | Faras | Pazarli | Akcakoy | Muratli | Cesmekolu |
1 | 0043-A | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | TOL | TOL |
2 | 0046-A | RES | SUS | SUS | SUS | RES | SUS |
3 | 0046-A/0043-B | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | TOL | TOL |
4 | 0195-A | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | TOL | TOL |
5 | 0583-A | NONP | SUS | SUS | SUS | TOL | TOL |
6 | 0583-A/0704-B | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | TOL | SUS |
7 | 0704-A | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
8 | 0821-A | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
9 | 1159-A | TOL | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
10 | 1492-A | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
11 | 1599-A | TOL | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
12 | 2453-A | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | TOL | TOL |
13 | 2478-A | RES | TOL | SUS | SUS | TOL | SUS |
14 | 2517-A | RES | TOL | SUS | SUS | RES | TOL |
15 | 3002-A | RES | SUS | SUS | SUS | TOL | SUS |
16 | 3009-A | RES | SUS | SUS | SUS | TOL | SUS |
17 | 4155-A | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | TOL | SUS |
18 | 6163-A | TOL | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
19 | 62001-A | RES | RES | SUS | RES | TOL | TOL |
20 | 62003-A | RES | RES | SUS | RES | RES | TOL |
21 | 646-A | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
22 | 6522-A | RES | RES | SUS | SUS | RES | SUS |
23 | 6626-A | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
24 | 67372-A | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
25 | 67375-A | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
26 | BAH-4-A | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
27 | BAH-5-A | RES | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
28 | BAH-7-A | RES | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
29 | BAH-8-A | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
30 | BAH-9-A | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
31 | BR-1 | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
32 | HA-852-A | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
33 | HA-853-A | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
34 | HA-89-A/0704-B | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
35 | S-288 | TOL | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
36 | TR-3079 | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
37 | TR-3080 | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
38 | TR-4098 | SUS | RES | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
39 | TR-6149-SA | SUS | TOL | SUS | SUS | TOL | SUS |
40 | TR-6189 | TOL | TOL | SUS | SUS | TOL | SUS |
41 | TR-9432 | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS | SUS |
42 | XF 64-A-95 | TOL | RES | RES | RES | RES | RES |
RES: Resistant, TOL: Tolerant, SUS: Susceptible, NONP: None plant.
Based on this research results and natural condition observations; S-288, TARSAN-1018, PR-64 A 91 showed resistance at some locations until 1998. BR-1 resistant to F race was susceptible all locations so there was at least one more new race than F races in the region. However, they could be sub races or new races. At 2002, new races spread out different parts of the region year by year and these new orobanche races appeared everywhere.
Some inbred female lines such as 24788-A, 3002-A, 3009-A, BAH-5-A, BAH-7-A showed resistance only one location (Arzulu); 0046-A and 2517-A at two locations; 62001-A and 6522-A at three locations and 62003-A line at four location (Table 2). TR-4098 showed resistance Faras location as hybrid only. BR-1 population developed by Jan resistant to F race did not show resistance in any region as expected. 2517-A for Muratli (Arzulu, Muratli) region, TR-4098 for Hayrabolu (Faras), 62001-A and 6522-A for both two of them, 62003-A line for Corlu and Luleburgaz (Akacakoy) regions and XF 64-A-95 could be existed in broomrape differential set for all regions. However, these lines should be tested again in the next years to use in the differential sets.
CONCLUSION
Infested new broomrape races areas are increasing year by year in the region. However, we do not know yet that these different broomrape populations are new races or sub populations. Resistant sunflower lines and hybrids development against to these new races continue by Trakya Agricultural Research Institute and private company breeding programs. Some hybrids and lines showed resistance in some regions, Pioneer hybrid (XF 64-A-95) was resistant in all region and will use to establish differential line against these new broomrape populations in next years.
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